Global Weapons Developments Transform Modern Defence in 2025
The Strategic Importance of Modern Weapons Development
Weapons technology stands at a critical juncture in 2025, with nations worldwide accelerating modernisation programmes and developing revolutionary defence capabilities. Nearly all of the nine nuclear-armed states continued intensive nuclear modernization programmes in 2024, upgrading existing weapons and adding newer versions. These developments carry profound implications for global security, military strategy, and international relations, affecting both regional stability and the balance of power among nations.
Revolutionary Laser Weapons Enter Service
As of 2025, the US, UK, Israel, Australia, and China are using laser weapons for air defense, marking a significant shift in military capabilities. The US Navy’s SONGBOW program is developing what could become the world’s first 400-kilowatt shipboard laser weapon. The system uses several 50 kW industrial laser units to create a single powerful beam that kills drone swarms, cruise missiles, and fast-moving threats from a long distance. Australia has also made advances with its EOS Apollo system, demonstrating that powerful laser technology has moved beyond theoretical concepts into practical military applications.
Nuclear Arsenals and Missile Production Expansion
The nuclear weapons landscape continues to evolve dramatically. Of the total global inventory of an estimated 12,241 warheads in January 2025, about 9,614 were in military stockpiles for potential use. In Asia, North Korea is to significantly increase its missile and munitions production in 2026, after dictator Kim Jong-un ordered factories to step up production to meet growing demand. Meanwhile, China’s nuclear arsenal is growing faster than any other country’s, by about 100 new warheads a year since 2023, reflecting shifting strategic priorities.
Arms Control in Crisis and Future Implications
Bilateral nuclear arms control between Russia and the USA entered crisis some years ago and is now almost over. While New START—the last remaining nuclear arms control treaty limiting Russian and US strategic nuclear forces—remains in force until early 2026, there are no signs of negotiations to renew or replace it. This deterioration raises serious concerns about a potential new arms race. For global security, these weapons developments suggest an increasingly complex defence environment where technological innovation, strategic competition, and the absence of effective arms control mechanisms create both opportunities and risks for international stability in the years ahead.